Organisational Behaviour Report Essay

Conflict is not confined at the individual level alone but is manifesting itself more and more in organizations. Employees have become more vociferous in their demands for a better deal. Various departments in an organization face a situation full of conflicts due to a number of reasons like goal diversity, scarcity of resources or task interdependence etc. Conflict Dysfunctional Conflict can take an interpersonal form. Conflict between individuals takes place owing to several factors, but most common are personal dislikes or personality differences. When there are only differences of opinion between individuals about task-related matters, it can be construed as technical conflict rather than interpersonal conflict. Technical and interpersonal conflicts may influence each other due to role-related pressures. One may put the blame for low sales volume on the production manager not meeting his production schedule and may start disliking the production manager as an incompetent person. It is often very difficult to establish whether a conflict between two parties is due to manifest rational factors, or it emanates from hidden personal factors. Conflict Functional These types of intragroup conflicts arise frequently due to an individual’s inability to conform to the group norms . Most groups have an idea of a â€Å"fair day’s work† and may pressurize an individual if he exceeds or falls short of the group’s productivity norms. If the individual resents any such pressure or punishment, he could come into conflict with other group members. Usually, it is very difficult for an individual to remain a group-member and at the same time, substantially deviate from the group norm. So, in most cases, either he conforms to the group norm or is rejected by the group. Of course, before taking any such extreme step, he or the other group members try to influence each other through several mechanisms leading to different episodes of conflict. Analysis A lot of conflict is generated within organizations because various groups within the organization hold ‘conflicting’ values and perceive situations in a narrow, individualistic manner. An example that comes readily to mind is that of the managment-labour conflict. Labor feels that management is exploiting it because in spite of making a profit, management does nothing for the economic welfare of labor. On the other hand, management feels that the profits should go to cash reserves so as to make the company an attractive proposition for investors. Another example is the conflict between engineering and manufacturing. Engineering lays stress on technological sophistication and precision and is accused by manufacturing of designing products that will last for many years but that the customers cannot afford. It is maintained that since an organization is composed of individual and they had different perceptions of goals and dithering values, conflict is bound to arise in the organization. Managers of various departments have separate priorities and conflicting ideas about resource allocation. Hence conflict is the unavoidable outcome. Subordinates may clash with the manager over whether the work can be accomplished in the given period of time or not. They might even argue with subordinates at their own level over the best possible way to do a given job. Thus conflict is an unavoidable outcome but at the same time it is assumed that conflict need not always be detrimental. Under some circumstances it could focus on problems and instigate a search for better and more innovative solutions to problems. Though conflict can lead to more creativity in problem solving and be beneficial to organization under certain conditions, yet it is perceived that conflict as harmful— something to be resolved once it arise. The views about human nature are that people are essentially good; trust, cooperation and goodness are given in human nature. Accordingly, the major antecedent conditions which induce aggressiveness and conflict in people are the faulty policies and structure resulting in distortion and breakdown in communication. Hence the manager’s role in resolving conflict is to restore understanding, trust and openness between parties. It is not easy to build a strong corporate culture in any organization. A strong culture is based on strong ethics. This is very important for the success of the organization in the long-run. It is very easy to adopt short-cut methods to reach the top but the downfall also comes at the same rate. Ethics ensure that the organization does not adopt short-cut methods to achieve success; instead it stresses on the concept of sustained success. Every organization has its own code of ethics and standards in a written form. The code of ethics normally contains the following points: †¢ Honesty †¢ Fairness in practices of the company—Disclosing the inside information; †¢ Acquiring and using outside information—Disclosure of outside activities by the employer to the employee; Each organization has its own set of code of ethics. Making negotiations has been identified as one of the primary responsibilities of any manager. Negotiations may involve allocating resources, investing capital or introducing new products. If resources like men, money, machines, materials, time and space were abundant, clearly any planning would be unnecessary. But, typically, resources are scarce and so there is a need for planning. Negotiation making is at the core of all planned activities. We can ill afford to waste scarce resources by making too many wrong negotiations or by remaining indecisive for too long a time, Negotiation making under risk: A negotiation is made under conditions of risk when a single action may result in more than one potential outcome, but the relative probability of each outcome is known. Negotiations under conditions of risk are perhaps the most common. In such situations, alternatives are recognized, but their resulting consequences are probabilistic and doubtful. While the alternatives are clear, the consequence is probabilistic and doubtful. Thus, a condition of risk may be said to exist. In practice, managers assess the likelihood of various outcomes occurring based on past experience, research, and other information. A quality control inspector, for example, might determine the probability of number of ‘rejects’ per production run. Likewise, a safety engineer might determine the probability of number of accidents occurring, or a personnel manager might determine the probability of a certain turnover or absenteeism rate. Negotiation making under uncertainty: A negotiation is made under conditions of uncertainty when a single action may result in more than one potential outcome but the relative probability of each outcome is unknown. Negotiations under conditions of uncertainty are unquestionably the most difficult. In such situations a manager has no knowledge whatsoever on which to estimate the likely occurrence of various alternatives. Negotiations under uncertainty generally occur in cases where no historical data are available from which to infer probabilities or in instances which are so novel and complex that it is impossible to make comparative judgments. Negotiations under complete uncertainty are as difficult to cite as example of decisions under absolute certainty. Given even limited experience and the ability to generalize from past situations, most managers should be able to make at least some estimate of the probability of occurrence of various outcome. Nevertheless, there are undoubtedly times when managers feel they are dealing with complete uncertainty. The number of factors to be considered and the large number of uncontrollable variables vital to the success of such a venture can be mind-boggling On a personal level, the selection of a job from among alternatives is a career decision that incorporates a great deal of uncertainty. The number of factors to be weighed and evaluated, often without comparable standards, can be overwhelming.

A Research Paper Shoplifting and Senior Citizens Essay

Background and Overview Shoplifting commonly occurs when an item is taken away from a retail or merchandise store by a visitor without the intent of paying for it. The offence under the Criminal Justice System falls under larceny/ theft and is punishable with various degrees of severity that can also include imprisonment for short terms. Shoplifting has always been seen as a serious social problem affecting mostly all grades of society and does not differentiate between sexes, age, income groups, race or cultures. As such because of the universality of the phenomenon it is sometimes associated with Kleptomania, a mental disorder which â€Å"involves a failure to resist impulses to steal items that are not needed or sought for personal use or monetary value†. However, in most cases shoplifting is deliberate, pre-planned and committed for monetary gain and is very different from Kleptomania. Shoplifting occurs among all age groups and becomes an extremely sensitive issue when it involves senior citizens, elderly people who are above sixty. The issue of elderly shoplifting is assuming graver proportions all over the world as birth rates decline and longevity increases. It is open to debate and research whether elderly shoplifting is increasing only because people with criminal tendencies are becoming older or whether other social issues contribute towards this phenomenon. This phenomenon is not restricted to the United States or Europe. Even in Japan, the number of elderly inmates in prisons is increasing and a significant proportion of the convictions are due to shoplifting.   The researcher developed an interest in the subject from reading a number of magazine and journal articles in the widely read popular press. Articles in the media take up the shoplifting issue mainly from the point of sensationalism and concentrate on the human interest angle, focusing on greed, act, retribution and shame. A growing interest in the subject led the researcher to read a few books on the subject and to the decision to study the social problem. Within the broad ambit of the issue, which of course has an extensive canvas, there was the need to develop a specific focus. A more detailed socio-cultural investigation drew the attention of the researcher to the problem of elderly shoplifters and the decision to investigate the reasons which could lead them to commit these petty criminal acts. Definition of Problem While the increase in shoplifting amongst elderly citizens is recognised as a matter of considerable concern very little investigative work has been conducted until now on the reason behind the phenomenon and the various corrective steps that may need to be taken to remedy the situation. A significant amount of research has been conducted on Kleptomania because of its classification as a mental disorder and there are determined treatments by way of medication and counselling to treat the patient. A number of articles have appeared in magazines and journals with regard to the seriousness of the problem. Some of these articles are written from a sociological angle but most treat the issue with salaciousness, especially if celebrities are involved. While the social science literature is rather modest, considerable public attention has been devoted to shoplifting. Articles on shoplifting appear regularly in mass media magazines and newspapers (e.g., Tooley, 1989; Tsiantar, 1989). They frequently highlight the seriousness of the problem, famous personalities apprehended for shoplifting (e.g., beauty queens, politicians, and other celebrities), or interesting types of shoplifters (e.g., middle-class housewives or the elderly). Moralistic themes are often developed, showing how lives have been traumatized by the embarrassment of a shoplifting arrest (Klemke, 1992, p. 3) While literature is available on the subject, very little research work has been carried out into shoplifting, per se, leave alone elderly shoplifting, and a number of questions still need to be answered on its causes as well as its effects. The problem of elderly shoplifting has not been investigated at length and in depth and is for social scientists and the criminal justice system a dilemma that needs to be tackled. Research Questions The researcher thus, will focus, during the Literature Review and the conduct of the assignment on obtaining answers to the following research questions. Are shoplifting acts caused by Kleptomania or any other mental disorders? What could be the different reasons behind the commitment of a shoplifting crime? Should shoplifting be treated on par with larceny and theft by the criminal justice system? How much is the involvement of elderly citizens in shoplifting episodes? Should elderly citizens be treated in a manner similar to younger age groups by the criminal justice system? What can be done to reduce the incidence of shoplifting by the social and legal system? The research assignment proposes to focus on the listed questions and through a structured and determined research methodologies arrive at findings that will lend themselves to analysis and conclusions. Purpose of Study Shoplifting is a serious social problem which appears to be increasing and, apart from being simple acts of minor crime, could be symptomatic of different social problems. The increasing incidence of elderly citizens involving themselves in shoplifting makes it an even more grim issue for study and adoption of corrective measures. The researcher hopes that the study will be able to investigate the issue in depth and come to findings and conclusions that will throw light on the basic reasons behind elderly shoplifting and thus succeed in illuminating the issue and possibly in being able to provide an original and interesting perspective to one of today’s extremely vexing and contentious dilemmas. At the cost of appearing presumptuous some of the solutions recommended may be worthy of implementation at the social level or be taken up for consideration by the criminal justice system. Research Methodology Data Analysis Methods This research assignment attempts to investigate the issues laid out in the section on Research Questions (in Page 5 of this proposal), namely the reasons behind the increase in episodes of shoplifting and possible solutions that will help to resolve this vexing social problem. The issue at hand deals with an increasingly traumatic global problem that today affects the societies of developed countries and could tomorrow, spread to the rest of the world. The appropriate research methodology for the purpose of this assignment needs to take care of the facts discussed until now and be tailored accordingly. An article on â€Å"Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Social Marketing Research† by Nedra Kline Weinrich, first published in 1996 details a methodology, wherein a balanced and well thought out mix of quantitative and qualitative research techniques could well be the most appropriate methodology for conducting this assignment   In the subject assignment the researcher feels that rigorous quantitative research surveys may not necessarily provide all of the data needed for proper analysis. An examination of the quantitative and qualitative paradigms will help to identify their strengths and weaknesses and how their divergent approaches can complement each other. In most cases, researchers fall into one of the two camps, either relying exclusively upon â€Å"objective† survey questionnaires and statistical analyses and eschewing warm and fuzzy qualitative methods, or using only qualitative methodologies, rejecting the quantitative approach as decontextualizing human behavior. However, it is widely accepted that each approach has positive attributes and that combining different methods, if handled properly, can result in the best of both techniques. (Weinrich, 1996) Research techniques used for quantitative analysis aim to achieve objective results and eschew subjective interpretation. The respondents are generally selected through random sampling in a statistical manner aimed at achieving a response from the selected sample, which will be representative of the total population. The research methodology pays much greater stress on the technique used and the basic premise on which the technique rests assumes that the quality of the researcher is independent of the results, his or her function being restricted to the following of guidelines. Weinrich postulates that while this technique is effective in a number of cases and is widely used, it suffers from an inherent danger of missing the finer nuances of an investigation and frequently leads to misleading results that are not supported by the future behaviour of the investigated population. As such, while this mode of research may be statistically sound, it could also be the reason behind the oft-quoted truth â€Å"lies, damned lies and statistics† Qualitative research methods are vastly different and concentrate on working with smaller groups known as focus groups. These focus groups are selected with great care but later subjected to intensive questioning and interviewing by trained researchers who are very well versed in qualitative techniques. It is the job of these researchers to ensure that their respondents are able to provide them with subjective and interpretative data, which would have never come out with quantitative techniques. The information tends to be much more detailed, full of nuances and give the investigation a holistic result, which is invaluable in assessing outcomes. A number of researchers believe that qualitative and quantitative researches are but two sides of the same coin and members of the same continuum. Qualitative research methodologies are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through immersion in a culture or situation and direct interaction with the people under study. Qualitative methods include observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups. These methods are designed to help researchers understand the complexity of social and organizational phenomena and elucidate mental processes underlying behaviors. Hypotheses are generated during data collection and analysis, and measurements tend to be subjective. In the qualitative paradigm, the researcher becomes the instrument of data collection, and results may vary greatly depending upon who conducts the research. There are however some techniques wherein it is possible to integrate qualitative and quantitative methods in research.   In the first approach, qualitative methods contribute to the development of quantitative instruments, such as the use of focus groups in questionnaire construction. The second model consists of a primarily quantitative study that uses qualitative results to help interpret or explain the quantitative findings. In the third approach, quantitative results help interpret predominantly qualitative findings, as when focus group participants are asked to fill out survey questionnaires at the session. In the fourth model, the two methodologies are used equally, in parallel to cross-validate, and build upon each other’s results. †¦ may operate under one or more of these models; the approaches are not mutually exclusive. (Weinreich, 1996) Choice of Information Source The choice of material to be used for the research assignment also needs decision and quantification. In this case, the researcher proposes to use both primary and secondary sources of information for compilation of data. Primary sources used will be derived from the information available publicly and information gathered by the researcher. Public material includes governmental notifications, texts of legal acts and statutes and original company websites of organizations providing tourism services.   The researcher has also depended on questionnaires from respondents chosen from within the contact resource base of the researcher. Secondary sources will include information available from texts, journals and magazines as well as information available on the internet. Population and Sampling The research methodology will focus on an investigative study of the data sources proposed to be researched as well as the texts intended for review in the Literature Review. The literature has been chosen with care and will be studied extensively. The researcher has explained the reasons behind the choice of techniques, a carefully thought out mix of quantitative and qualitative techniques and the choice of source of information, in this case both primary and secondary. In addition to all the secondary sources listed in the references and bibliography it is proposed to conduct a detailed survey of persons whose occupations put them in close contact with elderly shop lifters. It is proposed to restrict the primary research to policemen and departmental store security personnel, people who are generally the first to come in contact with elderly shoplifters after they are apprehended and who are the first to study their reactions. The researcher wished to investigate shoplifters directly but feels that it will be an extremely difficult task to locate and   obtain primary information from them. It is with regret that this route of investigation is not being considered in the course of this research study. The respondents will be chosen with the help pf the local police department and with the help of three major departmental stores. Structured questionnaires, detailed in Appendix A will be sent to ten policemen with experience of shoplifting episodes and to ten members of the internal security departments of three major departmental stores. It is anticipated that full twenty responses will be obtained as the researcher proposes to approach the respondents through senior officers of the police force and through the managements of department stores. The senior officers of the police force and store managers will be approached with letters of accreditation from the university authorities and the researcher is sure of receiving their cooperation, once the reasons for the research are explained to them. Data Collection Methods The purpose of research and material available from secondary sources has been used as the base for developing the questionnaire. The questions have been prepared on the multiple choice format asking the respondent to choose the most suitable answer from a set of responses. This will enable the researcher to obtain the categorical response of a â€Å"closed end† question yet allow the respondent a choice. The questionnaires will be sent by e mail to the respondents with detailed instructions on completing the questionnaires. All respondents will be assured of total privacy and questionnaires will be numbered numerically and not by name of respondent. All completed questionnaires will first be tabulated on excel spreadsheets and subsequently presented in a simple table format. Once the tabulation is completed and checked thoroughly the spreadsheets will be erased to have only one representation of primary data. Literature Review It is used to make substantial use of secondary material in the form of texts, journals and magazine articles as well as internet sources for purposes of data availability, analysis and investigation. Online libraries like Questia and other databases are already being used liberally and their extensive use in future during the course of the research is envisaged.. All sources used, cited in text or not have been arranged in the bibliography. The researcher prefers to take up topics for discussion sequentially and use inputs from a number of sources rather than deal with the sources and their authors separately for the sake of logical progression of ideas and cohesion of thought. The researcher has practically no first hand experience of shoplifting, no personal acquaintance with shoplifters and no close firsthand experience of shoplifting episodes. The interest in shoplifting was first generated by the books â€Å"The Sociology of Shoplifting: Boosters and Snitches† by Lloyd Klemke and â€Å"When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store† by Elaine S. Abelson. Both of these books are extremely informative try to look at the problem in totality. Abelson makes the point that shoplifting is not a contemporary phenomenon but has existed from the time huge stores started opening in the USA. Shoplifting was a regular phenomenon and when indulged in by women from the upper classes were defined as a mental disorder with many physicians taking up the case of kleptomaniacs. In fact the word â€Å"klepto† became a much used expression to describe people with the knack for picking up small items from here and there. The shops slowly became larger and larger providing temptation on a never before scale and gave rise to a social problem that would remain and increase through the years.   the excitement, the sensory stimulation, the profusion of goods, the crowds, the unnerving, often illusory, ambience that the large department stores still evoke. As the great bazaars became both magnet and danger to numbers of middleclass women, the shoplifter emerged as a significant social and medical problem. (Abelson, 1992, p. 5) Over time the image of kleptomania as a specific female disease weakened with the emergence of Freudian thought but the association continued for many years. It is only in recent years, however, that the connection of shoplifting and women has been eradicated completely. with the emergence of a new scientific language, the terms of debate changed. The biological image of a specifically female disease gave way to Freudian psychiatry. In this new language, as in the old, women still provided the model of the shoplifter as patient; even though men as well as women, adolescents as well as the elderly, made up the army of casual shoplifters. Only in recent decades has the singular association of shoplifting and women weakened. (Abelson, 1992, p. 197) On another tack, the books proposed to be studied in the literature review have tried to categorize deviant behavior into different categories. Mary Owen Cameron (1964) attempted to classify shoplifters using the patois of her time into boosters and snitchers. These are the â€Å"boosters,† who are professional shoplifters, and the â€Å"snitches,† who are amateur shoplifters. The most important difference is that boosters steal merchandise to sell, whereas snitches steal merchandise for their own use. Boosters are further divided into â€Å"heels,† who specialize in shoplifting, and â€Å"ordinary† boosters, who engage in shoplifting as just one of their many forms of illicit activity. The latter are frequently involved in prostitution, narcotics addiction, and alcoholism, and they shoplift to support their habits. (Klemke, 1992, p. 70) Apart from tracing the causes and reasons for shoplifting, the breadth of this investigation makes it necessary to obtain information about elderly shoplifters. There is very little information available on elderly shoplifters in the detailed texts available and most such information needs to be accessed from contemporary articles in magazines and journals, some of which are available on the internet. There is common consensus in the fact that shoplifting among the elderly has been growing for more than a decade and has become a serious matter of concern. The reasons for shoplifting appear to vary from depression to real need to simple momentary greed. Several studies have found diagnosed depression to exist in approximately 1/3 of the shoplifters studied. Depression was the most frequently found physiological problem. This helps to explain why so many shoplifters steal from stores on their birthday and around holiday times. (Berlin, 2006) The other point of concern is the fact that the number of first offences is also growing and more and more of the elderly are giving in to the temptation of pilfering items from departmental stores for the first time in their lives. Psychiatrists believe that, as most elderly shoplifters do not indulge in this sort of petty crime because of financial need the phenomenon may be indicative of psychiatric disorders and should be dealt with accordingly. There is also the theory that changing social conditions and difficulties in coping with increased expenses in old age leads some people to take up small crimes like shoplifting. The elderly are not only victims of crime, they are also perpetrators, particularly in the crime of shoplifting. The loss of income at retirement and the social isolation of the elderly are contributing factors in their involvement in theft. The raising of the compulsory retirement age and preretirement counselling could do much to relieve the elderly’s sense of desperation that often leads to crime. Public services that inform the elderly about crime prevention measures and provide victim services could do much to relieve the debilitating consequences of crime against the elderly. The elderly themselves could organize to attack their common problems. One activity they might undertake is ‘court watching,’ which involves monitoring how the elderly are treated by the courts as both victims and offenders. (Moak, Zimmer, Elliot, 1988) The researcher will study the literature available from a number of angles, chiefly the historical development of shoplifting, the increase in elderly involvement, the chief reasons for shoplifting, psychiatric responses to the issue, the role of counselling, the provisions of the criminal justice system and common punitive action. The bibliography contains a listing of a number of texts to be used for the literature review. This list is by no means exhaustive and additional books will certainly be used if they are relevant and become available. Analysis The researcher proposes tu use data from primary and secondary sources to arrive at findings for analysis and conclusions. Primary data, apart from questionnaires from respondents in the police force and security departments of departmental sources will be obtained from various legal and governmental websites. Secondary data, as stated earlier will be obtained from the various texts studied for the literature review. Once the data has been collected and collated in an Excel spreadsheet it will be analysed for responses and the data from all the questionnaires will be merged into tabulated formats that will give composite pictures of the responses from the primary population sample. Tabulations will need to be done separately for the responses from the policemen and the store security personnel to see the differences in the perceptions of these two different groups. It is important to understand that the analysis will need to be done with reference to the Research Questions. The responses from the secondary data and the primary data will need to be related to each Research Question separately and it will need to be assessed whether there are any contradictions between the secondary data, the different primary data sources and the Research Question. Responses in which all sources corroborate each other will obviously be considered to be strong and categorical and will need to be treated as such. A detailed analysis of the data will lead to findings that will determine the outcome of this research. Constraints Constraints, if any could arise in the collection of primary data. Respondents may not return the filled questionnaires or may fill them incorrectly. The researcher proposes to pay great attention to the complete procedure for collection of primary data and will meke sincere efforts to overcome problems and roadblocks, if and when they arise. Appendices Framing of Questionnaire The Questionnaire will be framed in a variation of a multiple choice format, where each question could have a direct response or 3 to 5 choices. In case of MCQs the respondent will need to specify one particular answer so that the best possible choice is forced out of him/her. A sample questionnaire is provided here below. This questionnaire is still open to revision and incorporation of fresh details, if so required. Apart from the questions the questionnaire will also have other administrative details which have been omitted in the preparation of this first sample. How many episodes of shoplifting have you been witness to? A. Less than 5, B. Between 5 and 10, C More than 10 In these episodes of shoplifting what were the numbers of A. Men B.Women C. Juveniles (Less than 18) D. Adults (18 to 60) E. Seniors (>60) In how many of these episodes were charges pressed in court? In how many of the cases were convictions obtained? Is the incidence of shoplifting growing? Yes/No In your perception are more elders indulging in shoplifting? Yes/No What is the most important reason for shoplifting? A. Financial Need B. Impulse Are episodes of shoplifting premeditated or impulsive† A. Premeditated B. Impulsive In your experience, do you feel that people involved in shoplifting come from poorer economic strata? Yes/No In your experience do you feel that people involved in shoplifting suffer from any mental disorder? Yes/No Do you feel that elderly shoplifters should be treated more leniently than the others? Yes/No Do you feel that elderly people are treated more leniently than the others? Yes/No What do you feel is the best way to treat first time elderly offenders? A. Punishment B. Counselling C. Warning D. Combination of the above (Specify) Do you feel that the Criminal Justice System should be stricter with shoplifters? Yes/No Location of respondents It has been decided that the there will be 10 respondents from the police force and ten respondents from the security departments of departmental stores. the researcher will access senior officials of the police force and the three chosen departmental stores. The researcher will write letters to them with the following contents Personal introduction Introduction of academic institution Reference to tutor and Head of Institution Purpose of Study Likely benefits of study Cooperation required Appreciation and gratitude. Despatch of these letters will be followed by personal phone calls, appointments and confirmation of respondents. References Abelson, E. S. (1992). When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store. New York: Oxford University Press. Arbetter, L. (1993, September). Security Spotlight: Shoplifting Reigns Supreme. Security Management, 37, 16+. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002195097 Berlin, P, (2006), Why do shoplifters steal? Retrieved October 7, 2006 from character-education.info/Articles/shoplifting.htm Collrin, C. B., & Hiew, C. (1983). Preventive Interventions in the Criminal Justice System: a Process Analysis. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 25(3), 319-328. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95774187 Griffin, R. (1989, December). Why the Temptation?. Security Management, 33, 126+. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002152732 Hiew, C. C. (1981). Prevention of Shoplifting: a Community Action Approach. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 23(1), 57-68. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95814646 Klemke, L. W. (1992). The Sociology of Shoplifting: Boosters and Snitches Today. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24370606 Moak, G, Zimmer, B and Elliot, M (1988) Clinical perspectives on elderly first time offender shoplifters, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/6/648 Sacco, V. F. (1985). Shoplifting Prevention: the Role of Communication-Based Intervention Strategies. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 27(1), 15-30. Weinrich, N.K., (1996) Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Social Marketing Research, Social-Marketing.com, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from www.social-marketing.com/research.html Williams, J, (2002), Pyromania, Kleptomania and other Impulse-Control Disorders, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/kleptomania.htm

Essay on Marketing Strategies

http://www. intel. com/jobs/careers/marketing/ http://blog. hubspot. com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5256/Sales-Vs-Marketing-Whose-Job-is-it-to-Generate-Leads. aspx Content:  The decision content includes market opportunity analysis, brand development, advertising, pricing and basic sales force management decisions. It also includes a simplified profit analysis. Decisions by Quarter Quarter 1: Setup your company, evaluate market opportunities and prepare for test market. †¢ Determine desired image of company Designate a company name †¢ Analyze market opportunities—evaluate segments, geographic markets, and potential competition – Evaluate market survey results in End User Profile †¢ Establish corporate goals and strategic direction – Select target segment – Establish strategic direction †¢ Select test markets – Open sales office Quarter 2: Go to market to test your strategy and market assumptions. †¢ Create customer value—m atch components to benefits desired (quality function deployment (QFD)) – Design 1 or 2 brands Marketing strategy—evaluate tactical options and choose marketing mix – Brand price – Price promotions – Sales priority †¢ Develop media plan and budget—ad copy design, media selection, and ad frequency – Place advertisements in media †¢ Sales force management—number employed, and training – Hire salespeople assign to service or target segments – Open new sales office (optional) Quarter 3: Evaluate test market performance and revise your strategy, become a learning organization. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Revise marketing tactics as needed and continue test m arketing Quarter 4: Evaluate your position in the market and adjust your strategy. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis – Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Adjust strategy—make incremental changes in tactics use activity based costing (ABC) to evaluate profitability of brands – evaluate profitability of division – conduct demand analysis to estimate brand, price, advertising, and sales force elasticity Quarter 5: Monitor, improve, and execute. †¢ Evaluate performance – Financial performance—profitability analysis – Market performance—customer opinion of brand designs, prices, advertising, and sales force – Competitor tactics—segments targeted and selection of marketing tactics †¢ Skillfully adju st strategy †¢ Improve brands, pricing, and sales forceQuarter 6: Monitor, improve, and execute (continue). †¢ Manage strategy †¢ Skillfully adjust strategy to unanticipated competitive moves †¢ Continuously improve brand features, pricing, and sales force Final Quarter: Report to the board. †¢ Evaluation of financial and market performance †¢ Review of business – Comparison of actions taken against your marketing goals – Review of significant events that affected the company and/or market †¢ Assessment of current situation and market (Also, how is the current market different than it was in the early quarters? ) – Customers Competition – Company strengths and weaknesses – Major problems/opportunities to be dealt with in next year http://marketing. about. com/ Marketing  Careers By  Laura Lake, About. com Guide A career in marketing can take you in several different directions. Marketing is comprised of many f acets and activities. You will find that there are many opportunities in marketing, is there a career path that is right for you? Explore the different career opportunities and decide which one fits you best. 1. Overview of Careers in Marketing 2. Careers in Advertising 3. Careers in Brand Management . Careers in Market Research 5. Careers in Public Relations Overview of Careers in Marketing There are many options to careers in marketing, but how do you know which one is right for you? Marketing can be defined as being the intermediary function between product development and sales. Think of it as the storehouse for such things as advertising, public relations, media planning, sales strategy, and more. It's the marketing professionals job to create, manage, and enhance brands. †¢ Breaking Into the Career Field of Marketing †¢ Marketing vs. Advertising: What's the Difference? How Do You Know if a Marketing Career is Right for You? Ads Careers in Advertising In Advertising y ou will work with all aspects of marketing from strategy to concept to the execution of the strategy. You will find that most jobs on the business side of advertising include Account Management, Account Planners, and Media Buyers. †¢ Advertising Manager †¢ Advertising Sales Director †¢ Account Executive †¢ Account Coordinator †¢ Media Director †¢ Media Coordinator †¢ Media Buyer Careers in Brand Management Brand management is the career track you hear about most often.It is the key function in the consumer products industry. Brand managers are often likened to small business owners because they assume responsibility for a brand or brand family. They are always focused on the big picture. It is their job to distill the brand's essence, map out their competitors in their brand's category, identify marketing opportunities, and be able to effectively communicate the unique benefits of that product or service. †¢ Brand Manager †¢ Product Manag er †¢ Product Development Manager Careers in Market Research Market Research involves researching the intended target.That target can be companies or individuals. In order for a company to capture a market it must first be able to understand that market. Research involves the first process of understanding the consumer, what their needs are, what their purchasing habits are, and how they view themselves in relation to the rest of the world. †¢ Market Research Director †¢ Market Research Manager †¢ Market Research Supervisor †¢ Market Analyst Careers in Public Relations It is the responsibility of the Public relations department to manage the communication with the media, consumers, employees, investors, and the general public.They are considered the spokespeople for the company. They will often write press releases to promote new products or to keep the investment community informed of business partnerships, financial results, or other company news. If they are based out of media relations they will spend their time responding to information requests from journalist or pitch stories to the media. †¢ Public Relations Specialist †¢ Public Relations Director †¢ Corporate Communications Manager †¢ Book Publicist †¢ Press Secretary

Advanced Management Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Management Accounting - Assignment Example Company has various hierarchy levels and compensation to each has been linked with the financial performance only. I have been assigned with the task to suggest some comprehensive measurement technique to the firm. This report, herein, provides complete analysis of alternative available to the firm. Also this report has provided in-depth analysis of Balance Score Card being as among widely used techniques and its prospective suitability to the firm. Performance measurements techniques are used to evaluate the position of any company on the road that leads to the destination it has defined in vision. These performance measurement techniques vary from industry to industry and include both financial and non-financial measures. Every performance measure is required to meet the following aspects to be eligible for the application (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2006): There is large number of performance measures available and making choice regarding as the key performance indicator (KPI) is the critical decision. PWC developed model for the comprehensive Communication of KPI which is as follows: Measures that already are part of Allulite Windows and Joinery shall be aligned and hence, updated as required for meeting the standards set in model above. For instance, the production performance measurement can be upgraded to meet the quality, delivery, service and total cost. Furthermore, quality measurement shall be assigned some rating criteria with benchmark of acceptance, rejection or customer feedback etc. Moreover, analysis of various cost components, their percentage contribution in total cost overall positive and negative impact of variability in cost components etc. On the external front, comparison from industry benchmark; declaration of positive or negative position against mentioned benchmark; customer retention; company

Does history teach us lessons Give examples Essay

Does history teach us lessons Give examples - Essay Example We are often told, that history teaches us lessons, and that terrorism is the notion, towards which these historical lessons and knowledge are to be applied. Simultaneously, there is a widely-spread opinion, that looking back at our past we see that there were the possibilities to prevent famous dictators from coming to the power and causing irreversible effects. The past cannot be changed, but it can and should be learned; however, what we face at present is false interpretation of the historical events and the desire of the historians to represent certain historical events in the light which is better for their personal needs and strivings. In fact, any historian plays the role of the intermediary between the past and the present - his main aim is to make the public familiar with the events of the past based on the evidence he has at his disposal; what we see now is that many historians have gone too far, trying to become the people, who have the right to interpret this past, often distorting it. I would agree, that history gives us lessons to learn, but due to the general lack of understanding of the historical events, we often have to rely on what famous historians say; their opinions often appear to be contradictory and misleading. As far as we don't really tend to go deep into history for finding our own proofs for this or that historical assumption, we mostly believe in what we hear about the lessons from history, and how they should be used. 'Because history is a world of detailed, specific events, the idea of 'general laws' of history is self-contradictory. Of course, historical actors should be understood as obeying the general laws independently derived by other disciplines, such as the law of gravity or the law of diminishing marginal returns. But history itself can generate no such laws, since they would involve abstracting away all of the details of events, in other words, abstracting away the very subject matter of history.' (Durant & Durant 1997, p. 49) What I wanted to say by this quotation is that history in general cannot be reduced to some generalizations, as it is often done. If there are any real lessons we have to learn from the past, these lessons should be tied to specific events, and not to some general assertions. We can't say that wars are the most important lessons to learn not to make new wars happen - each war is different in its essence, and each should be considered separately, in order to learn the lessons and to apply them to the requirements of the modern time. There is often a confusion between the historical past and the practical past - historical past is merely a statement of the events which took place in the past, while practical past refers to the question of 'what do these past events mean to me right now' (Fink 2001, p. 236) This is about what we talk here, and about what we have to make a reasonable conclusion. I would agree that the skills of the professional historian would give him enough knowledge to judge the events of the past, but I can

Nuclear Energy disasters and the effects on the Environment Research Paper

Nuclear Energy disasters and the effects on the Environment - Research Paper Example This notion continued until 1803 when an English chemist John Dalton revitalized the old notion and used it to explain various problems, which chemists at that time were struggling with. Rather than any of the experiments resulting to the idea, it surfaced from analysis of several experiments involving chemical reactions and properties of gases. Daltons theory became popularized and established experimentally in the course of early 19th century (Rogers, 2013). Most of the points mentioned above are still recognized by most current scientists, except for some few points. First, the radioactivity and nuclear fusion/fission discovery resulted to revision of point (b). Isotopes confirm that atoms of a similar element can in reality exhibit small disparities because of a diverse number of neutrons (Mara, 2011). In addition, the ions’ existence with unreliable electrons’ numbers also contradicts this point. Point (e) has also been nullified by nuclear physics, because atoms can certainly be destroyed in the nuclear chain reactions. Moreover, point (d)’s second item, is somewhat incorrect, as, for example, water is H2O, but not HO (Mara, 2011). Dalton’s assertion that atoms merge in equivalent amounts to create compounds delayed acceptance of the theory for a long time. In spite of today’s perspective, Dalton remarkably contributed for his time and since then his name continues to receive honor from its association with the theory. In nuclear power, nuclear accident means events, which emit certain amount of radiation that are likely to be of harm to the health of the public and also to the environment (Bortz, 2012). Normally, the nuclear accidents are categorized as nuclear incidents and accidents by severity. In addition, while the radioactive accidents and nuclear accidents are included for perfect understanding, nuclear accident can result from the failure of a reactor of a nuclear power plant radiation. Regardless of the fact that some

M.I.C.E. (Meeting, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) Essay

M.I.C.E. (Meeting, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) - Essay Example Justification to this context can be provided by taking consideration of the reliance of multiple business oriented nations on this tourism and event management segment (ICCA - International Congress and Convention Association, 2013). In accordance to the projections made by the statistical data, the M.I.C.E business, after the economic recession of 2009 have made significant amount of contribution in terms of supporting the destabilised state of the economies of multiple small and large nations. For instance, between the periods of 2009 to 2013, the reliance of global superpowers such as China and the US has majorly increased over the conduction of M.I.C.E business conferences. Irrespective of all these, the arrangement and conduction of an M.I.C.E conference is not an easy job and requires availability of appropriate count of resources. This is due to the fact that all the necessary bookings and arrangements are needed to be done in advance and should project perfect alignment with the client side requirements. Taking these aspects into consideration, the discussion will majorly focus towards the conduction of an M.I.C.E business conference arrangement for a total count of 250 delegates for a period of 3 days. In addition, the discussion will also focus towards the identification and analysis of every possible green issue that might emerge within such conference meetings. The details regarding such green issues and conference planning has been provided in the undermined sections of this discussion. M.I.C.E conferences in the present business scenario have caught up tremendous amount of pace as a result of the increasing necessities of business engagements. Such necessities also stimulates the functionality pattern of multiple other transportation and hospitality organisations, which lays a significant amount of impact on the overall economic and

Triceratops, Sabor Tooth Tiger, Homosapiens, and the Quagga Essay

Triceratops, Sabor Tooth Tiger, Homosapiens, and the Quagga - Essay Example Although it was believed to have existed for more than 10.000 years ago, its fossils were only found in 1841. Sabertooth tigers were carnivorous animals as explained by Michael Henderson, paleontologist and curator of earth sciences at the Burpee Museum of Natural History in Rockford. These animals were efficient-killing machines and preyed on deer, bison, ground sloths, mastodon and even small mammoths. Their 7 inch-long teeth proved helpful in their hunt for bigger animals. In fact: "Saber-toothed cats came up with an efficient way to dispatch their prey by evolving enlarged canines. Big cats, such as lions and tigers, often kill their prey by suffocating it. They bite down on the neck of their prey and cut off its air supply. ( qtd. from â€Å"Oversized Teeth Helped Saber† 1). The La Brea Tar Pits in California is a testimony of how smilodons were trapped while feeding on mammoths. The extinction of the saber tooth has been a puzzle to many scientists up to now. One hypothesis for its extinction is the end of Ice Age. According to Anton ( 2002 ) â€Å"Pliocene also brought a significant decline among the machairodont cats. From the variety of genera existing during the late Miocene (Machairodus, Paramachairodus, Metailurus), only the large metailurine Dinofelis persisted In their turn, the group of modern felids with conical canines increased their diversity with the appearance of the first members of the Lynx group ( p.213). In short, the saber-tooth cannot adapt anymore to its environment that is why other feline species replaced it. Humans, that’s what homo sapiens are. Bipedal primates that belong to Hominidae, the great ape family. Homo sapiens were known as hunter gatherers before the introduction of domestic farming came about. They were nomads who travelled from one place to another in search for food. Homo sapiens know how to use tools to defend themselves or to stage an attack on a prey which is usually an animal. The vegetation of

Place Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Place - Research Paper Example This report will examine the growth of Shenzhen, an industrial town in China with a great potential to rise above the different issues within the local systems. With the modern post-industrial societies, the impact that skills have in the society is high and thus the globalization of an area may occur at a faster rate due to the skills available. In the world today, the impact that skills have in everyday life is quite essential for human survival. The goal of the society is to nurture people and make sure that these skills are used appropriately for the right work. The various geographical regions that define the areas that people live have been redefined by globalization as people make use of the available space for their living quarters (Rosa, 2013). The people create different housing structures to ensure there is a room for anyone wishing to live in that particular area. Most affected by these changes are the laborers who have to look for daily wages for their upkeep. The goal is to enhance the role of the society in improving their attributes as they utilize their skills in meeting their daily goals. This is what people in Shenzhen have to live with in their growing city as people struggle to keep up with the increasing populations (Jacques, 2009). As Parenti notes regarding the area of Juarez, the people will look for various means of survival, even if it means endangering their lives by taping electricity from poles near their houses (2012). Most of the people live dangerously because any flooding will result into increased chances of electrocution, something that they have to look out for as a way of minimizing their chances of death. However, they have to survive because of the high living standards that are in place (Rosa, 2013). People now have to benefit from what they have rather than what the country possesses. The richer nations are taking advantage of the

Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan Essay Example for Free

Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan Essay Why Did The Soviet Union Invade Afghanistan In 1979? YourFirstName YourLastName University title Why Did the Soviet Union Invade Afghanistan in 1979? The Afghanistan cold war leading up to a decade invasion of the country by the Soviet Union is a quite a debatable event. This paper will seek to provide answers to many unanswered question such as the rationale used in recommending the Soviet Unions military involvement in Afghanistans internal political wrangles, the presumed benefits as a result of this invasion, as well as the fact that other alternatives than military action were not given enough consideration. Afghanistan as more peaceful under its leadership style of a King as the head of state supported by the Prime Minister, but things started going sour during the reign of King Mohammed Zahir Shah and his cousin Prime Minister Mohammad Daoud Khan (Daryl, 2010). There was a misunderstanding between those directly in power and those indirectly in power. The political party in power at that time which was based on Marxism ideologies, Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans (PDPA), was faced with internal bickering among its leaders. This eventually lead to a division in the party into two rivaling factions, with one faction calling itself Khalq under the eadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin while the second faction was lead by Babrak Karmal and Najibulallan and reterred to itselt as Flag which in Islamic is Parcham. The actions of the Soviet Union were thought, by the initiators, to be supported by the people, especially the supporters of Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans. However, it turned out the opposite was true, in that the people were not happy as evidenced throughout the various demonstrations that were held in the country, especially in Kabul, the capital. The demonstrations continued for quite ome time until the authorities, President Dauods government, felt threatened and started employing unorthodox means to do away with the demonstrations. Repressions were imposed on the supporters of Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans with some of its key member s such as Mir Khyber being killed. This infuriated the demonstrators and gave them reason to push on with their demands thorough street demonstrations rebuking the Dauods regime. This further gave a more threatened government room to expunge its long arm of the law towards the culprits by arresting them. The peoples power had its way in mid 1978 when President Dauod, together with his family members, was overthrown and executed. This event gave an opportunity to the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans Masses faction lead by Muhammad Taraki and Hafizullah Amin to ascend to power as President and Deputy President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The period when these events took place is referred to as the Saur Revolution. The internal conflicts inside the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistans intensified between the two splitter faction. One was now in power, the other faction found it difficult to remain relevant as the script was repeated, as was in Dauodss case, here the members of the opposition were forced into exile and some were executed. The new government was supported by the Soviet Union as evidenced in the new reforms introduced which were a replica of the soviet style. Some of the changes introduced were marriage laws and reforms in the land sector, which sparked further controversy given the country was traditionaly Islamic and that a majority of the wealthy class was opposed to the land reforms. This was the genesis of the operation Taraki Out TO. The rebellion was uncontrollable and grew more powerful, hence, instability in government began to arise. In the end, as result of this, followed the demise of President Taraki following a shootout between the government forces and the Rebels in the palace, the presidents official residence. The deputy president took over power thereafter and was also faced with the same challenges (Daryl, 2010). Before turning to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, many questions are lingering than answers. What was the rationale used in recommending the Soviet Unions military involvement in Afghanistans internal political wrangles? What were the presumed benefits as a result of this invasion? Could there have been another alternative other than military that was probably ignored? If yes, then what was the alternative? What were the reasons for not perusing the alternative? Who were the chief architects of the military option? Who authorized the military invasion? And most importantly, why did the union invade Afghanistan? To begin with, Just as a tradition in any superpower, it is mostly likely that the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan without having exhausted all the other avenues at their disposal. One remains to wonder why did the USSR decide with such speed and in a very short time period, to enter with full orce by dispatching its top notch security men and women, including the Guards Airborne Division and the 40th Army into a country facing internal political challenges. Was this a punishment to Amins government, a communist in the making? Yes, this could be a reaction to Amins interaction with the United States (Galeotti, 2012). The Red Army was all over the place. In one day, as approximated, about fifty thousand Soviet soldiers had taken cover on Afghanistans soil. This was an intervention meant to quell the growing hostility between the government and the pposition and the basis for this was a mere treaty signed allowing the Union to offers military support. Again, the question here is, was the military support sought, and if yes over what? Was this a genuine intervention or was the decision to deploy troops made out of fear for the unknown? It is hard to believe that this was a mere intervention to assist the Afghan regime due to the instance of trying to kill President Amin by poisoning him. It is said the USSR had good relations with Afghanistan as was evident during the forty year reign of King Zahir Shah from 1933 to 1973, four decades uninterrupted. The invader to be is believed to have provided military assistance including training of the Afghan soldiers and issuance of loans, so the fact that the Soviet Union felt invested in the nation is clear. A strong possibility is that the USSR could have felt uneasy with the country shifting allegiance to America, and thus saw a threat to her interests in Afghanistan. After killing Amin it was Karmal Babrak who was installed. This is reason enough to cement the school of thought that the USSR had other hidden agendas in their deployment of the army, outside of suppressing resistance to the government in power. Another reason to believe the existence of a hidden mission in the invasion is that, as traditionally practiced, the commander of the USSR, Brezhnev was conspicuously missing in action as he was thought to be ailing. Those who acted, especially the Troika comprised of Yuri Vladimirovich as the leader of KGB, Fyodorovich Ustinov who was the then Defense Minister, and Andrei Gromkyo who was in charge of the foreign affairs docket, were against the move. Though the trio is believed to have requested the army intervention, leaked government information absolve them of any blame as it is claimed they opposed it. One Andropov is quated to have Sayed, Comrades, I have considered all these issues in depth and arrived at the conclusion that we must consider very very seriously the question of whose cause we will be supporting if we deploy forces into Afghanistan. Therefore I believe that we can suppress a revolution in Afghanistan only with the aid of our bayonet, and that is for us entirely inadmissible. We cannot take such a risk. (Sullivan, 2011). Firstly, one major reason for USSR invasion was the U. S military presence in the Persian Gulf. Although it was as a result of U. Ss diplomats being taken hostage, thus forcing for rescue mission, he impression was made to the Kremlin administration that Washington was positioning itself to take over Afghanistan, hence need to for a quick capture of the country by the Soviet Union arose (Sullivan, 2011). Secondly, the cause for invasion was the vague interpretation of the Iranian political happenings, or revolution, where its leader had been overthrown and subsequently replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini, who was a radical Muslim, a faction the Kremlin government feared to its last tooth. This meant a quick action to avert the religious conflict spreading into Afghanistan, their territory. Thirdly, the Kremlin invaded Kabul due to the belief in the pro socialism Brezhnev doctrines which stated that socialism, once on the verge to take root anywhere, could not fail. Thus Afghanistan was no different. There was need to protect socialism from failing in a friendly nation. This explains the geopolitical angle of the move. Fourthly, there is the treaty of cooperation and good neighborliness between the USSR and Afghanistan, which allowed the Soviet Union to enter the country at a time of war. The invasion resulted in deaths of persons, including the countrys leaders, citizens, and soldiers in huge number. The invasion also resulted in creating more instability, and a decade long war. By USSR invading Kabul, it meant capture of another territory of great importance. A country where socialism would take place and the capture of the water catchment area of Persian Gulf which had been a target of USSR for a long time (Amstatz, 2012). As a result of the invasion the Politburos importance was revealed, in regard to decision making and an individual accountability. Different player have come out to claim they were the ones behind the military invasion, given the head commander at that time was ill. The war caused loss of property and other valuable belongings, for instance, the palace was destroyed and converted into the headquarters of 40th army. This meant a new region had to spend a lot of money in building the presidents residence (Daryl, 2010). The Soviet-Afghan war lead to the rise of the worlds largest group of refugees as scores of people were displaced with other moving into neighboring countries like Pakistan and Iran. Another impact was employment opportunity for Soviet citizens, as they were taken into Afghanistan to teach in the new universities and polytechnics hat were built. The construction industry was also boosted. Finally the war had impact on the USSRs military budget. This is because a lot of money was used during the entire period in buying more arsenals as the Soviet Union was alone fighting a combination of US and China supported rebels. There were challenges encountered throughout the ten year period. They included harsh rebellion from the local rebels, the MuhiJiran, who were backed by the US and China. They killed large numbers of Soviet soldiers. Also, the Soviet Army had a hard time penetrating into Afghanistan and selling the policies. Communist ideas did not always sit well with Muslims, whom did not want certain traditions changed. There was also the problem of route location for Soviet forces. The displaced persons found it troublesome moving from one place to the next during that difficult period (Galeotti, 2012). The exact reasons for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan are not clear but several important facts clearly played a role in the decision making that took place. Afghanistan had a long lasting relationship with the USSR and the Soviet Union most likely felt like they were protecting an investment. The regime change that was occurring within the nation may not have been the most popular with the populace but it was a communist party taking the reigns, thus according to the Brezhnev Doctrine could not be allowed to fail. The invasion was also made easier by the existence of a cooperation treaty between the two nations which allowed the Soviet Union to move its troops into the region if Afghanistan required assistance in a war. With major fghting breaking out in regions across the country, this could be easily used by the USSR as an excuse to move into the area and assert the type of regime they approved of.

Organizational culture and value of strategic leader

Organizational culture and value of strategic leader Sainsbury is one of the biggest organizations which have been selected to study and determined the management and leadership. Sainsbury was started in the year 1869and showed progress slowly with the passage of time and known to be the third largest supermarket in UK. It followed its career from its parent company J Sainsbury and then created number of different branches and the way of business namely Sainsburys Local, Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores and JB Beaumont, Sainsburys Online and Sainsburys Bank. The report is consists of three segments. The first part covered the Organizational culture and value of Strategic Leader. In second part consists of Leadership style and in third part the discussion is about organizational involvement and objectives obtained by leaders. The main objective of this report is to explain and express the useful skills of retail leadership at our own or any other different occupation. This report will keep a record of the type of personal leaderships used and established and to use them to resolve different critical circumstances. 1-Ethical and value based approach to leadership 1.1Organizational Culture and value of strategic leader In this section I have covers the detail on Organizational culture and value of Strategic Leader. It has been observed that the lives of organizational culture have been affected by the leaders and they are responsible for playing a dynamic role for organizational culture. There are many hurdles and problems, good and bad approach in an organization, things tends to follow suit down hill. An organizational culture is under the control of the leader and he has the authority responsibility to make changes and maintain the processes of the organization. And this is the very sensitive and chief task for him. The organizational culture is also affected by the working style of J Sainsbury as a supermarket and its campaigning through advertisements using media. Making Life Taste Better is the slogan of quality which expresses the culture of the J Sainsbury and what it is trying to do for its customers. Many of the loyal customers of J Sainsbury has a believe on the slogan and they support this organization because it gives product with a high quality standard, fresh and delicious taste with reasonable price as compared to other supermarkets and retailers. The team members of J Sainsbury are very cheerful helpful and devoting and they always ready to tell about the special offers in order to increase their sales and creating the interest of the customers. The team of Sainsbury gives a super customer service with a quick response. The store display contain an attractive look and a lots of leaflets that describes the types of services provided by other J Sainsbury stores like bank and initiating of the property agents. These advertisements help to encourage and attract the customers to think and take advantage of using the other services of J Sainsbury organization. This organization always work for the better quality services and there supermarket consists of a couple of Customer service desks where staff is available, that are always ready to help the customer who is in need, so that the customer dont need to look for the staff themselves without wasting of time. This is the way of J Sainsbury in providing the best services to their beloved customers keeping the family value and help to increase the research and development in the organization. This approach to customers gives a feeling love and care for them and the performance of J Sainsbury is different from the other retailers which showed a special feeling to their customers as they are treated as single individual in a supermarket. Leadership is always a hot topic for discussion like love, death, money and politics. While this topic remains under attention and its significant value in every business but it gives an unclear and puzzling theory. The definition of leadership is explained by countless numbers of different theories which explain the various aspects of leadership, but the problem is there is no full and common theory explaining the whole mission of leadership easily. One of the best ways in which We can enhance our understanding of leadership is to see how various students of the subject have defined leadership (Dessler  2001) In my opinion leaders influence plays a main role in an organizational culture. However it has been observed that the leaders are being controlled by the set and strong culture. But this type of culture could harm the leadership taking to a negative result. These driving forces may include for example, union behaviour. (Shivers-Blackwell, 2006, p. 1). So therefore the leader should not leave the organization while under the control of the pre-existing culture. For the new leader it is important to know and understand the main aim of an organizational culture this will help to prevent from being controlled by the culture. He should know the in and out of the organization and these factors are useful in maintaining the even flow of culture. To ensure an organization culture stays healthy I believe that the leader must take an active role. There are a number of ways in which a leader can accomplish this. Communication and planning is a key amongst all efforts to ensure a healthy culture. If these issues are left unrecognized, it can become too late for the leader to have an influence. 1.2 Legal, regulatory and ethical impact: The ethical and legal standings are regulated by the companies as they have been growing epidemically. The three separate entitles have been explained with backgrounds in different format including the process of regulation so that the organization could run smoothly. The J Sainsbury is known to be one of the leading retailers of UK should also take part in ethical business practices; this will help to achieve the belief and reliability of their customers. The establishment of Amazon .com has helped the consumers to shop online keeping their information in a privacy and confidentiality. Therefore the consumers can review and understand the process of using the information that J Sainsbury Plc uses. While considering the legal matters, the companys Terms of Use require the use spells out and what the consumers wants to use and expect from the organization website providers and in turn, and what will be the expectation gain from the consumers. There is an unstated approval for the Term of Use and other rules and guiding principles which could be seen in the website of company (such as the Privacy and the Security Policies. These Terms of Use include: Online conduct Privacy policy Trademarks Content (proprietary rights; distribution/uploading of third-party content; third-party content; and export) Age of Users Termination of Usage Password Security Disclaimers and Limitation of Liability Severability Jurisdiction Binding Arbitration Acknowledgement; and Modification Being the leader of online book industry, it is important that the company I chose should convene all legal requirements, ethical and regulatory guidelines and policies and make every attempt to certify the safety and privacy of its users/customers. .  J Sainsbury Plc Terms of Use as well as its Privacy, Security and Copyright Policies, are the most effective policies which are reviewed and revised (and this is clearly stated in each of the policies) everyone deal with these matters and give guarantee to use the site under a legal and ethical manner. 1.3 Current and emerging social concerns and expectations : Bentley Hoffman of Honeywell the computer conglomerate, states that when companies are drafting codes of ethics they must strike a balance being sensitive to foreign cultures and their own internal sense of right and wrong. Those that do so will reap rewards (Davids, 1999). The need for a comprehensive, cohesive, and universal code of conduct for multinational corporations doing business internationally is paramount as it can help foster business contacts around the world, resulting in a facilitation of trade and an increase in profit (Payne, Raiborn and Askuik, 1997). Levi Strauss have set standards for working conditions in their foreign manufacturing facilities. Richard Woo a Levi company spokesman stated that in so doing it would help them meet their overall mission, which is to achieve responsible commercial success (Cottrill, 1996). Social capital is important for multinational corporations especially in Asian countries like  China  (guangxi) and  Japan  (kankei). Multi nationals which develop this social structure will gain potential competitive advantages in global markets (Hitt, Ho-uk, and Yucel, 2002). In terms of business ethics, Richard Bay Minerals (RBM), a Rio Tinto subsidiary are pro active by sending out a team of community development workers each day to support community development projects in the adjacent Mnonambi community so fostering good community relations (Kapelus, 2002). (Richter, and Buttery, 2002), argue that the gap between the haves, and the have nots, is widening therefore global firms are obliged to deal with ethics in cultural diverse areas. One of the personal factors shows a vital role which is social characteristic in every person. This factor help to create a link with others.The characteristics and communication plays a main role. The whole work and social exchange depend on communication. It also describes the giving out of ideas sharing with others, there feeling and resources.The result of misunderstanding and disagreement takes place when communication breaks. The listening and speaking are the main elements of communication. These two words make an equal part in the establishment of communally skilled information exchange. 2 Leadership styles 2.1- Strategic management and leadership: According to  Useem  (2001, p 297), Leadership is a matter of making a difference. It entails changing an organisation and making active choices among plausible alternatives, and depends on the development of others and mobilising them to get the job done. Warren Bennis states Managers are people who do things right and leaders are people who do the right thing. (Bennis, 1997). Similarly, a proverb says that leadership is doing the right thing; management is doing things right. The difference between the two is not as sharp as the saying would suggest, and both are required for effective corporate growth: leadership risk creates opportunities while management strictness turns them into tangible results. (www.1000ventures.com)   There are many arguments which suggest that managers and leaders are essentially one in the same thing, but I feel that an important distinction should be made between the two Leaders decide where to go, managers are the ones who facilitate the following.  Ã‚  This is supported by the likes of Bennis and Nanus (1985) and Kotter (1990) Kotter produced a useful table to highlight the differences between the two Management  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leadership Planning and Budgeting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing direction   Ã‚  Making detailed steps and timetables  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Developing a vision for the future   Ã‚  for achieving results  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and plans for achieving the vision Organising and staffing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aligning people   Ã‚  The allocation of tasks and staffing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Communicating the vision so that   Ã‚  To carry them out; also delegating  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  others understand it and agree with it   Ã‚  responsibility Controlling and Problem-solving  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motivating and inspiring   Ã‚  Monitoring the results of a plan,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energizing people towards the vision   Ã‚  Identifying problems and solving them  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  so that they overcome barrier Outcomes: order and predictability  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outcomes: Change   Ã‚  Produces predictability so that others  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Produces definite changes such as   Ã‚  can rely on consistent results  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  new products, or new directions This is an important distinction to make as it helps us understand what sort of person is required to be an effective leader and following on from that, what then are the different traits of leader and what impact do different leaders with different styles have on different situations? 2.2 -Leadership styles and strategic decisions Features Autocratic Consultative Democratic Description Senior managers take the decisions with little involvement of junior employees Dictatorial, but decisions are taken in the best interests of the employees Running a business on the basis of majority decisions Key Features Set objectives Allocate tasks Leader retains control throughout Explain decisions Ensure employees social and leisure needs are met Encourages employees to take part in decision making Uses delegation Communication used One-way communication downwards from leader to subordinate Generally form leader downwards though some feedback takes place Extensive two-way-communication between senior and junior employees Circumstances in which style may be appropriate Useful when quick decisions are required or when large numbers of unskilled employees are involved Can appear democratic, but is really autocratic leadership with a human face Useful when complex decisions are made requiring a range of specialist skills There are three main styles of leadership. These are: Autocratic Democratic Lassez-faire. The autocratic style of leadership is the first style which gives approach in a controlled process means the leader is under the control and there is no thought of the students to run anything. This type of leadership style has its own ups and downs. The good of this is if you have a good strength of young and difficult students; then have to give a brief lesson to them or if the students wont reply to any type of leadership styles. The drawback of this style is if the student become stressed and scared with your style. It is useful if your level of confidence is less because if this is the remaining thing then they would not get down if they are already in this position. The other style of leadership is the democratic approach and this includes the involvement of the students in making of plans and decision and how their lesson could be run.   The positive point of democratic approach is that it always involves students and the leader will see what they like to be done and how to be done and whether the student has the ability to become a better leader. But on the other hand democratic approach is not suitable for it there are a number of students in one class or the time of lesson is really short. Therefore if the lesson is short then you have to extend the time of it. If you asked for the students contribution then you would not be able to start. The third style of leadership is the Lassez-faire approach. The Lassez-faire approach is not really leading. In this approach the students basically get to do what they want to do. They get little direction from the leader. This is an effective style to use when you are working with very good students (ability), when the students really want to do well for themselves and if you can trust the students. It should not be used if there are people in the class with limited experience, a big group or if there is difficult people in the group. 2.3 Adapting leadership styles: All these styles of leadership work in different situations and as a leader you have to change your style to suit the group that you are leading. For example if you are leading a group with limited experience you use the autocratic style, but if you have a really experienced group then the Lassez-faire style is the best. Now I will look at how you have to change your style of leadership when involved in different activities like racket, team and individual activities. When you are leading a racket sport you are really only working one on one. This allows you to use a democratic approach because the person you are leading is going to want to succeed. This allows you to let them look at what they want to do in the training session, and then you can put your own input into the session saying what you believe they should look at. If you are leading a team activity on the other hand you need to use the autocratic approach the reason that you will use this approach is because you need to get the whole team doing the same thing. This is important because you have to get the team working as a team at all times. Also if you are in charge of a whole group of people you need to be respected and maybe even feared. The best way to do this is to use the autocratic style of leading.   Finally if you are leading someone in an individual sport that you can use the Lassez-faire approach because in an individual sport they will know what they have done wrong. They may need a little input from you as the leader but ultimately they will know how to improve their own performance. I think that all of the leadership styles are effective in different situations, but I would choose the autocratic style over the others if I had a choice. The reason that I would choose this is because an autocratic leader gets things done quickly and efficiently. If you are using the autocratic style you will get more things done. The reason for this is that everyone will be doing the same thing, so you will be able to get through more drills or exercises without people with the group. 3.1 Professionalism, mutual trust, respect and support In order to meet the service users needs, you need to establish  Ã‚  open, accurate and responsive communication with the service users and the staff as well as reviewing service delivery with continuous focus on improved communication, effectively and efficiently, which I believe I have become quite good at. Whilst on my article ship I have learnt to act in a professional, prompt, caring and respectful manner, basing my relationships with service users on trust and mutual respect. I believe in aggressively striving to identify and meet the individual needs of all of the service users. By working together for the common good to accomplish tasks and deliver the services to the client, while striving to make every individual within the department part of my team. You also really need to respect and embrace human differences, be non-judgemental and respect the clients wishes and beliefs. Whilst on my placement I have also learnt to take the clients needs very seriously and paying attention to the details that build a strong relationship between student and client. You always have to be available for any questions, respect the departments concerns and seek sensible practical solutions to any problems that arise. As a student you need to learn to be responsible for making sure phone calls are returned promptly, updating service users on the progress of their query or problem, and anticipate upcoming needs and issues. You have to evaluate any risks, and then devise strategies to deal with them in a manner which is consistent with the service users exposure and risk tolerance. This approach ensures that the service users operate from a position of confidence rather than one of anxiety. The size and organisational structure easily accommodates the service users specific needs and all of the staff are knowledgeable in many fields and can collaborate with other agencies as part of the team. The departments approach is straightforward, as they  examine the objectives of each service user and allocate the necessary skills and resources to manage the matter effectively. Over the years, the department has demonstrated exceptional depth and skills in responding both individually and collectively to the changing and complex needs of the client. 3.2 -Leader focus and the achievement of objectives: Where there is no vision, the people perish  Proverbs 29:12   Ã‚  The strategic vision is the heart of an organization. The strategic vision gives focus, meaning, direction and power to everyone within in the organization. The strategic vision tells the members of the organization where we  are going The strategic vision gives life to the organization as the members walk in the vision. Without a strategic vision there is no  direction, no purpose, no motivation and the members within the organization perish and die because the welfare of the organization becomes unfocused. The strategic vision provides a glimpse of possibilities and it is the capacity to look beyond the moment into the vast potential of tomorrow. It evokes deeper meaning and deeper commitment than the goals. The vision and the mission statements are the critical elements of a successful business.  Ã‚  The vision and mission are linked together.  Ã‚  The vision addresses the where the mission is.  Ã‚  The vision is a goal and the mission is a strategy. The vision and the mission are the guiding principles and values of the organization.  Ã‚  The values that the members have give direction to the organization and define the spirit in which things in the organization should be accomplished.  Ã‚  A commitment flows from the values because of the organizations commitment to the members, the members in turn, become committed to the organization. An organization can reach the future by focusing on where the organization is headed. Every organization must have an end to which they are headed.  Ã‚  To be an effective organization there must be a strategic vision because Where there is no vision, the people perish. 3.3 -Developing support and understanding: Being one of the most predominant styles of leadership, democratic style of leadership is more likely to produce effective group performance. However, there is no one best style of leadership. Different types of leadership may also be needed at different stages of business. Effective leaders use a collection of distinct styles, in the right measure, at the right time. National culture may also influence choice of leadership style. There are many variables which underlie the effectiveness of leadership in work organisations. The most effective form of leadership behaviour is a product of the total leadership situation. Leadership development should be long term issue for any business organisation. Now that we know leadership is a crucial ingredient through which people in all the companys relationship are inspired. It takes good leaders to set a direction for the company. It takes good leaders to stimulate the whole organisation to understand what success looks like and how it will be achieved and measured. Leaders set the tone, by their deeds as much as by their words. They ensure that the organisation behaves in line with its purpose and values. However, if leaders lack the confidence to achieve and carry out these approaches it will ultimately result in poor leadership. Employee job performance and satisfaction are heavily influenced by the levels of direction and support  employees receive on a day-to-day basis. Poor leadership does not just hold employees back from reaching their full potential within an organisation; it sends them in the wrong direction and seriously impacts morale, employee retention, and financial performance in the process. 3.4 -Adapting strategic leadership styles to meet change: If an organization allows for a learning environment, the future competency potential of the employees and capacity for adapting to change will be unlimited. The Leadership-Participation Model states that open participation and a specific set of guidelines helps employees become a part of the corporate decision-making process. The Path-Goal theory states that leaders assist their workers to reach their own personal goals, as well as those of the company. By using the path-goal concept as a framework, managers can achieve many tasks, and their self-esteem needs will be satisfied. One of the leadership challenges faced by many managers is transactional leadership, which involves having to identify what are the employees needs and how to help them achieve the level of performance that results in satisfactory rewards (Robbins, 2003, 325-326). Transformational leadership is how managers encourage employees to earn self-actualization by providing individual attention and logical incentives. Efficient managers create dynamic leadership policies to gain employee commitment and loyalty. Managers who use interpersonal communication skills are more sensitive to employee needs, and provide ways for them to voice their opinions. Transformational leadership motivates employees to achieve results greater than originally planned for internal rewards like achievement and self-actualization (Bolton, 1996, 34-37). According to Fiedlers psychological reasoning, most employees focus on task completion and have a sense of accomplishment, so they follow task-oriented leadership. However, some employees also value supportive associations with managers, so they follow relationship-oriented leadership. Managers who use corporate task structure allow jobs to be structured according to problem-solving and feedback on success The most successful leaders care about employees personal advancement, growth and achievements, so they use an initiating structure where the manager defines the relationships, keeps the channels of communication open, focuses on goals, and explains how to do the jobs (DuBrin, 2000, 142-148). The five disciplines that Peter Senge (1990) says are the core disciplines in building the learning organization: personal mastery, mental models,  team learning, shared vision, and systems thinking. Personal mastery  is what Peter Senge describes as one of the core disciplines needed to build a learning organization. Personal mastery applies to individual learning, and Senge says that organizations cannot learn until their members begin to learn. Personal Mastery has two components. First, one must define what one is trying to achieve (a goal). Second, one must have a true measure of how close one is to the goal. (Senge, 1990) Mental models  are the second of Senges five disciplines a mental model is ones way of looking at the world. It is a framework for the cognitive processes of our mind. In other words, it determines how we think and act. Team Learning  Starts with dialogue, the capacity of members of a team to suspend assumptions and enter into a genuine thinking together. Shared Vision  As people talk, the vision grows clearer. As it gets clearer, enthusiasm for its benefits grow. System Thinking  System thinking is useful because, among other reasons, it can be diagrammed.  Ã‚  There are three simple system processes that can be easily defined and understood.  Reinforcing Feedback  Loop, Balancing Feedback  Loop,  Delays. Conclusion: Summing up all discussion I conclude that the pattern in which leadership and management react with each other is like leadership being centre of management and management being its circle. It is the obligation of every manager to be at the same time an inspiring leader. Being an efficient manager has actually proved to bring successful for the organization results whereas being an inspiring leader has not yet proved its importance. So an organization can progress if its manager is efficient but cannot progress, if its manager only relies to leadership characteristics. Leadership is an art that can be obtained and learned via experience. It is the difficulties via the years that one would face that will transform him into a leadership figure. In addition I consider leadership as nominal obligation of each and every manager. This is why in my  conclusion I differentiate the term managers from administrators. A manager should be a leader. Should be able to inspire and motivate withou t using his power. He should be visionary whereas at the same time very detailed oriented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would suggest that a word like Management ship or Leadership should describe the actions of the 21st  century manager, because our time calls for managers to be leaders.

Globalization of the Computer Industry

Globalization of the Computer Industry Introduction: The topic we have chosen for poster presentation is â€Å"Globalization of Computer Industry† and its very important in today`s world because now days everything is done with computer and now days nothing can be done without computers in international business. Globalisation is a highly significant issue around the world. In the Academic Context Neo Liberal Economist are in support of globalisation and open markets but some scholars are against it because of its strong effect on workers, language, local companies and social institutions. According to Berger, et al., (1999) globalisation refers to â€Å"Tendencies towards the integration across borders of markets for labour, capital, goods and services and emergence in all of these markets of a common set of actors†. The Four aspects of Computer industry are goods and services, labour, capital and technology. In goods and services it includes providing good services to customers, increasing per capita income of the country and e- commerce activities. In labour it includes providing employment to labours and in capital it includes foreign exchange and other modes of investment and in technology it includes artificial intelligence and new types of technology. The personal computer industry is one of the leading industry in the world with world class companies that expand in the main regions of the world . Since 1980 it is the most relevant segment in the electronic industry both in terms of industry organisation and innovation of new pattern of firms and also in the growth. The reason why we have chosen this topic is that it is very important and now a days business cannot progress without computers as everything is done on computers. Importance of Globalisation of computer Industry: The computer industry is the most dominant industry in the world due to the market leadership of international business machines. It was the IBM that created the computer with basic standard that ruled most of the world`s market. IBM also operated on the basis of product development , manufacturing responsibilities by plants globally and also on the basis of global rendering optimal. According to Longlois (1992) after the successful Apple II and to capture growing market , IBM created an open, modular architecture that give access to suppliers to develop components with the operating system and core CPU. Japan and Korea were less successful as global producers but were main suppliers of flat panel displays and memory chips. According to Survey conducted by Mc Millan et al (1999) the most relevant factor in determining where to do business are infrastructure(18%), political stability (17%), availability and skilled labour (17%), tax incentives(10%), closer to suppliers and customers ( 16%) and unskilled labour is only (3%). Trends in Computer industry: The main trends in computer industry are mass customization that means it results in faster respond to shift in demand for particular software and components than usual product lines. Outsourcing means companies are outsourcing to Asian countries to reduce cost like IBM outsourced the components like printed circuit boards and disk drives to reduce costs. E- commerce activities means it helps in increasing the demand for customization, compare price online and to make changes to products. These trends have an relevant effect on the computer industry. The current trends in computer industry are demand dynamics, market and distribution trends , new business plans , new technology and product directions. Impact of computer Industry Downfall: The examples of changes are Dell dismissed 5000 workers in Austin area but increased employment outside US. Compaq dismissed 8500 workers in Texas and 1750 workers in Europe . Apple reduced its work force but added worked to new company owned stores. Trends of industry downfall from dismissing workers are consolidation, Outsourcing and shift regional production to Asian countries to enter global market and to shift production to low cost countries. Conclusion: Globalization of computer industry is motivated by two factors and in that first one is to reduce cost in a highly priced globalised world and second one is to the ability to reach the global market. Due to globalization of computer industry prices become less for computer users and also technology diffusion have moved fastly . Last but not least globalization helps to maintain a competitive and creative industry environment by focusing on core capabilities and also help in achieving economies of scale. References: Berger, Suzanne, Sturgeon, Timothy, Kurz, Constanze, Voskamp, Ulrich and Wittke, Volker. (1999),†Globalisation, Value Networks and National Models†, MIT IPC Globalization Working Paper 99-000. â€Å"Dell Transfers Desktop Production to China† Asia Port daily new ,25 September.p.40. Pletz, John.(2001).† Dell computer`s Future Growth Will Occur Outside Of Texas, Chairman says,† Austin American Statesman,25 May. Longlois ,Richard.(1992),† External Economies and Economic Progress: The Case of the Micro Computer Industry† Business History Review, 66(1): 1-50. McMillan, Margaret, Pandolfi, Selina and Salinger, Lynn, B.,(1999),†Promoting Foreign Direct Investment In Labor- Intensive, Manufacturing Exports in Developing Countries,† CAER II Discussion Paper No. 42, Harvard Institute For International Development. Fowler, Tom.(2001). â€Å"Compaq Doubles Up on Local Layoff Plans,† Houston Chronicle, 10 August, p.1. (http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wq2f4hx) Accessed on 2nd May 2010. (http://web.mit.edu/ipc/www/globalization.html) Accessed on 3rd May 2010.